In this paper, an effective hierarchical distributed model predictive control (HDMPC) method is proposed for a DC microgrid with multiple hybrid energy storage systems. . The coordination and optimization between multiple hybrid energy storage systems in direct current (DC) microgrid can effectively meet the load demand of micro- grid and extend the life of generator sets, thus ensuring the stability and safety of grid operation. Recent data from the 2024 IEA Renewables Report shows that projects using coordinated storage systems achieve 92% energy utilization versus 68% in single-storage setups. An HESS is required, combining batteries and supercapacitors.
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