Efficacy peaks when local renewable shares reach 65%–70%, highlighting crucial spatiotemporal windows. Our study positions agricultural irrigation as a nature-integrated form of virtual energy storage, offering a pathway to enhance grid resilience and support low-carbon climate adaptation. Agricultural irrigation inevitably costs energy.
By harnessing irrigation as a virtual energy storage reservoir, our framework shows agriculture's distinctive and scalable demand-side contribution to integrating intermittent renewables and advancing resilient, low-carbon grid management in global energy transitions.
Beyond emissions reductions, rescheduling irrigation as a demand-side response strategy contributes to electricity grid resilience. The growing interdependence between water and power systems, especially in the context of climate variability, has made irrigation a key sector for managing grid stress 40.
Specifically, a spatially explicit estimation of the irrigation water demand and energy consumption in China was first quantified based on the grain–water–energy nexus.
The algorithm achieves this by dynamically adjusting the energy demanded by irrigation pumps to minimise the energy stored in batteries. This energy stored in batteries is calculated as the
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Our study positions agricultural irrigation as a nature-integrated form of virtual energy storage, offering a pathway to enhance grid resilience and support low-carbon climate adaptation.
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