Secondly, to minimize the investment and annual operational and maintenance costs of the photovoltaic–energy storage system, an optimal capacity allocation model for photovoltaic and storage is established, which serves as the foundation for the two-layer operation optimization model.
It is a rational decision for users to plan their capacity and adjust their power consumption strategy to improve their revenue by installing PV–energy storage systems. PV power generation systems typically exhibit two operational modes: grid-connected and off-grid .
Grid-connected PV systems can be further classified into two categories: self-generation and self-consumption with residual power on-grid and full on-grid, respectively. China has implemented a multitude of incentives to promote the adoption of PV technologies and energy storage systems.
The O&M cost of a PV power generation system is contingent upon its output power, whereas the O&M cost of an energy storage system is dependent upon the number of cycles of charging and discharging.
To ensure stability under these challenging conditions, this paper focuses on maintaining balanced and accurate unit templates with a minimal phase delay and stable DC link voltage in the
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