Substation batteries are large-scale energy storage units installed within electrical substations. Their primary purpose is to supply backup power during outages, support grid regulation, and ensure continuous operation of protective systems. The first battery, Volta's cell, was developed in 1800. These batteries are designed to be highly reliable. . Renewable energies are increasingly being integrated into transmission grids – as an important element of smart grids – and, although there are some hurdles, there are also some innovative solutions. These facilities are designed to facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, enabling the. . A substation energy storage system (ESS) is a grid-side solution deployed at or adjacent to electrical substations to enhance power quality, improve load management, and increase overall grid resilience. As power networks integrate higher shares of renewable generation, substations must cope with. .
