This paper presents an optimisation of the battery energy storage capacity and the grid connection capacity for such a P&R-based charging hub with various load profiles and various battery system costs. . The worldwide ESS market is predicted to need 585 GW of installed energy storage by 2030. No current technology fits the need for long duration, and currently lithium is the only major. . Battery storage is a technology that enables power system operators and utilities to store energy for later use. Their operation on the grid side involves energy charge/discharge management, system protection, and coordination with the grid.
