Due to their large physical footprint and complex mechanics (pumps and sensors), flow batteries are primarily used for large-scale commercial or utility projects, not residential homes. Sodium-Sulfur batteries boast a high energy density and excellent charge/discharge efficiency. . A sodium–sulfur (NaS) battery is a type of that uses liquid and liquid. When selecting a storage system, the most critical factor is the internal chemical composition. The concept dates back to the 1960s when researchers at Argonne National Laboratory first explored liquid. . The most common types are vanadium redox and zinc-bromine flow batteries. High-efficiency flow batteries are emerging as a sustainable option with unique benefits for energy storage.
