Numerous studies have investigated control strategies that enable distributed energy resources (DERs), such as wind turbines, photovoltaic systems, and energy storage, to contribute to primary frequency regulation. A reduced second-order model is developed based on aggregation theory to simplify the multi-machine system and facilitate time-domain frequency. . The surge in global renewable energy penetration—23. 2% of power generation as of 2019 and climbing—has outpaced grid modernization efforts, creating a widening gap between power generation variability and system stability. Frequency regulation is the process of maintaining the grid's frequency within a narrow range, typically around 50 Hz (or 60 Hz in some countries), by. . With the global energy structure transformation and the rapid reformation of new energy technologies, the large-scale grid connected operation of renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy has become an inevitable trend (Perez 2020). e new power system exerts a vital function in reducing. .
