As the push for sustainable energy solutions accelerates, lead carbon batteries are emerging as a key component in the energy storage landscape. These batteries combine traditional lead-acid technology with carbon enhancements, offering improved performance, longevity, and. . The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859. It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever since. This hybrid system extends battery life, maximizing energy efficiency. . This long-duration energy storage (LDES) system made of advanced lead-carbon batteries is currently the largest of its kind in the world.